Recycling channel selection and financing strategy for capital-constrained retailers in a two-period, closed-loop supply chain

This article studies a two-period, closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) with manufacturer or retailer recycling. It establishes model analysis framework to analyze pricing optimization strategies and the channel-mode selection of electric vehicle batteries considers recycling scenarios. When recycles, it needs invest capital build its channel so suffers from constraints. For this reason, retailers consider bank loans trade-credit financing manufacturers. work explores two-stage, CLSC strategy that consumers’ preferences for remanufactured products rates, investigates channels capital-constrained retailers. analyzes optimal equilibrium in three modes compares modes. Through numerical examples, effects value preference rates on profits, product demand, selection. The results show rate can effectively incentivize demand new first period. any cost, manufacturer’s profit is most significant retailer-recycling model, retailer’s largest model. As consumer increases, second stage decreases increases. gives when low moderate rate.